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Что нужно помнить, если заболевание есть у вас или ваших близких
Среди всех заболеваний кожи атопический дерматит — пожалуй, одно из самых загадочных. Медицинское сообщество выдвигает новые теории, пациенты могут лишь гадать о перспективе полного выздоровления, а непричастные — смутно представлять жизнь с атопическим дерматитом. А она непроста и физически, и психологически: зуд, сухость, воспаление, стресс, ограничения в образе жизни.
Для тех, кто уже привык жить от ремиссии до ремиссии, и тех, кто впервые столкнулся с симптомами атопического дерматита, мы вместе с брендом Librederm составили этот словарь-шпаргалку. Нам помогла Ольга Борисовна Тамразова, доктор медицинских наук, профессор РАН, профессор кафедры дерматовенерологии с курсом косметологии. Краткое руководство напомнит атопикам со стажем про факторы обострения и важность ухода, «новичкам» расскажет о причинах заболевания и вариантах терапии, а незнакомым с диагнозом поможет лучше понимать близких с АД и заботиться о них.
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Ольга борисовна тамразова
РЕКЛАМА · ООО «биофармрус»
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Если коротко, из-за определенных нарушений в генах иммунитет атопиков остро реагирует на любые раздражители. Причем у одних предрасположенность превращается в тяжелое заболевание, а у других если и дебютирует, то в легкой форме. На этот счет есть несколько теорий, которые объясняют механизм запуска затяжной аллергической реакции.
Экологическая теория связывает всплеск заболеваемости в последние десятилетия с загрязнением воздуха, воды и почвы: считается, что постоянный контакт с аллергенами усиливает иммунный ответ организма и реактивность кожи.
Диетическая теория «обвиняет» в запуске АД обилие в современном рационе продуктов с «активными» пищевыми добавками (красителями, консервантами, усилителями вкуса), а также снижение среднего потребления антиоксидантов (свежей зелени, фруктов, рыбы, орехов и т.д.). Заметим, что атопия вне зависимости от ее «триггера» может сопровождаться пищевой аллергией, поэтому в основе меню атопиков (особенно в раннем возрасте) должны быть «безопасные» продукты. Какие именно — придется выяснить на собственном опыте, ведь реакция может появиться практически на любую пищу.
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Есть список продуктов с повышенной аллергенностью: коровье молоко, морепродукты, рыба, икра, арахис, соя, яичный белок, злаки (рожь и пшеница), какао, грибы и мед. Их стоит вводить в рацион осторожно и небольшими порциями. Вдобавок при АД стоит ограничить потребление еды, содержащей псевдоаллергены. «Наиболее агрессивные — гистамин, тирамин, а также салицилаты и глутамат натрия», — предупреждает Ольга Тамразова. «Скрываются» они в ферментированных продуктах, консервированной рыбе, квашеной капусте, соленых огурцах, сырокопченой колбасе, сосисках и даже во фруктах и ягодах.
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Неизменно удивляет (особенно матерей юных атопиков) еще одна теория — гигиеническая. Согласно ей «стерильное» окружение в раннем возрасте может сыграть злую шутку. Отсутствие постоянного контакта со сверстниками и домашними животными, злоупотребление бытовой химией, антисептиками и антибиотиками — по мнению сторонников теории, все это препятствует формированию адекватного иммунитета у детей.
Важно пояснить: название теории не связано с личной гигиеной. При атопии водные процедуры не под запретом — просто они должны быть щадящими. Дерматологи советуют исключить умывание горячей водой, применение грубых мочалок и средств с агрессивными ПАВ, обилием спирта или фруктовых кислот. А вот мягким успокаивающим средствам — однозначное «да»: например, в линейке средств Cerafavit есть несколько вариантов с разными текстурами и функциями. Так, успокаивающий гель для душа с ниацинамидом, церамидами и витамином F борется с сухостью, смягчает и защищает от воздействия жесткой воды. Если кожа очень сухая, на помощь придет смягчающее масло для душа с натуральными маслами и восстанавливающим липидным концентратом, в который входят церамиды, холестерол, свободные жирные кислоты и фитосфингозин.
Приятный бонус: эти продукты подходят для ухода за младенцами с первого дня жизни, поэтому можно использовать одно средство всей семьей.
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Часто детский атопический дерматит приходит не один, а в составе «атопической триады». В нее входит, собственно, АД, бронхиальная астма и аллергический ринит: все они происходят из одного генетического нарушения. Как правило, в первый год жизни ребенка атопия проявляется только в виде кожного воспаления и пищевой аллергии, а по мере взросления присоединяются остальные части триады — это и есть атопический марш.
Вопреки расхожему мифу, нельзя «перерасти» атопию, но заболевание может ограничиться только кожным покровом, плюс своевременное и правильное лечение способствует стойкой ремиссии. Правда, даже в этом случае нужно помнить про регулярный уход за кожей и обзавестись полезными бытовыми привычками.
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Сухость, обезвоженность, чувствительность и другие симптомы атопического дерматита связаны с нарушением целостности защитного эпидермального барьера. «Эпидермальный барьер можно представить в виде кирпичной стены, где кирпичи — это клетки рогового слоя корнеоциты, а в роли цемента выступают липиды (церамиды, холестерин и свободные жирные кислоты), — проводит аналогию доктор медицинских наук, профессор и руководитель НИИ детской дерматологии ФГАУ “НМИЦЗД” МЗ РФ Николай Мурашкин. — Вместе они образуют плотную высокоорганизованную структуру, через которую в кожу не могут проникнуть чужеродные вещества».
Барьер может потерять свои свойства под воздействием самых разных факторов: внешних (УФ-излучение, высокая или низкая температура воздуха, ветер), химических (неподходящая косметика, агрессивное очищение, воздействие жесткой воды и загрязнителей, частое пребывание в морской или хлорированной воде), психологических (стресс) или гормональных (здесь потребуется консультация с эндокринологом).
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У склонных к атопии людей «кирпичная стена» особенно чувствительна ко всему перечисленному. Решение на поверхности: раз в стене брешь, ее нужно заделать. В случае с эпидермальным барьером — липидами и церамидами. Как раз этот дуэт ингредиентов специалисты лаборатории Librederm выбрали для линии Cerafavit. В ней три гипоаллергенных продукта для базового ухода за атопичной и чувствительной кожей: легкое молочко и более насыщенные по текстуре крем и липидовосстанавливающий бальзам тройного действия. Все обогащены пребиотиком, витаминами, увлажняющими и удерживающими влагу компонентами для быстрой борьбы с сухостью, раздражением, зудом и другими симптомами нарушения микробиома и барьера кожи. Крем содержит гипоаллергенную отдушку, а молочко и бальзам — без отдушек в составе.
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За этим термином стоит худшая часть жизни атопика: нестерпимый зуд заставляет расчесывать кожу до повреждений. Боль отвлекает, но, увы, ненадолго. Вдобавок интенсивное расчесывание может привести к присоединению вторичной инфекции (например, бактериальной или грибковой) через царапины.
Терапия, конечно, борется с зудом, но ее результат во многом зависит от ответственности пациента: чтобы повысить качество жизни, ему придется пересмотреть свой быт и привычки.
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Во-первых, дома нужно поддерживать влажность 30-50% — здесь выручат увлажнители воздуха, комнатные растения, аквариум и другие емкости с водой.
Во-вторых, необходимо следить за температурой в комнате (оптимально 18-22 ℃) и регулярно проветривать, чтобы очищать воздух от пыли и потенциальных аллергенов.
В-третьих, не вся одежда и текстиль подходят атопикам. «Не рекомендуется носить одежду из грубых волокон, “колючей” шерсти и синтетических тканей, потому что постоянное раздражение кожи усиливает зуд и приводит к расчесам, — предостерегает эксперт. — Также сухая воспаленная кожа плохо переносит тесную облегающую одежду вроде водолазок». Хороший выбор — натуральные материалы с гладкой текстурой (хлопок, кашемир, шелк) и свободный крой. Стирать их тоже нужно правильно: средства должны быть гипоаллергенными и тщательно промываться.
Текстиль же требует внимания из-за накапливания в нем пыли и вероятном появлении пылевых клещей. Ольга Тамразова советует удалить из комнаты пациента ковры и тяжелые гардины, заменить пуховые подушки и шерстяные одеяла на синтетические.
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Судя по количеству теорий и нюансов, одной причины развития атопического дерматита нет, это всегда совокупность факторов. А значит, и для лечения необходимо действовать комплексно.
В зависимости от тяжести заболевания терапия может варьироваться, но обычно в схему входит наружное и внутреннее лечение. «Первое включает в себя лекарственные формы, в том числе гормональные препараты, топические ингибиторы кальциневрина, местные антибактериальные и противогрибковые препараты, а также косметический уход — перечисляет Ольга Тамразова. — А второе представляет собой медикаментозное и физиотерапевтическое лечение».
Если лекарства и процедуры назначаются в зависимости от состояния кожи пациента, то домашний уход — обязательный ежедневный ритуал. Бьюти-рутину атопика можно условно разделить на основную и специальную. К последней относятся средства локального ситуативного применения. К примеру, липидовосстанавливающий крем для рук Cerafavit специалисты рекомендуют обновлять после каждого мытья рук, а бальзам для губ с витамином F и церамидами — перед каждым выходом на улицу и по возвращении в помещение.
Стоит также уделять внимание тонизации кожи лица — этапу, завершающему очищение и начинающему уход. Хорошо, если на флаконе будет пометка «софтнер»: так обозначают мягкие тоники, которые нормализуют уровень pH после умывания, активно увлажняют, смягчают и способствуют лучшему проникновению активных компонентов из крема. Так, за доставку восстанавливающих ингредиентов в тонике-софтнере Cerafavit отвечает физиоадаптированная вода: это обогащенная минералами морская вода, которая работает и как «проводник», и как самостоятельный антиоксидант.
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Не каждый крем достоин звания эмолента: это специальное средство с выверенным составом, в котором не может быть отдушек, красителей, агрессивных активов, гормонов и других добавок, которые могут вызвать аллергическую реакцию.
Важное отличие эмолента от обычного крема — наличие окклюзионных компонентов. Что это и как они работают? Рассмотрим на примере успокаивающего крема-эмолента Cerafavit: в его составе 1% коллоидной овсянки, которая создает дышащую защитную пленку. Она сохраняет влагу на поверхности кожи и, таким образом, продлевает увлажнение — это и есть эффект окклюзии. Одной защитой формула не ограничивается, поэтому в эмоленте Librederm за здоровье и красоту кожи также борются церамиды и витамин F (восстанавливают и усиливают липидный барьер), пребиотик и постбиотик (нормализуют микробиом), экстракт ландыша японского (увлажняет и придает эластичность), а также успокаивающий ниацинамид и натуральные питательные масла.
Количество применений эмолента зависит от состояния кожи и сезона. «При выраженной сухости или в зимний период рекомендуется наносить продукт два-четыре раза в день, — советует эксперт. — Летом же, когда атопический дерматит у большинства пациентов входит в стадию ремиссии, количество нанесений можно сократить до одного-двух раз в день».
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