Центр «Зотов» на Хлебозаводе №5

2-ой драфт

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T

специальный проект

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конструктивизм

постановил

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как зародился конструктивизм и что представляет из себя сегодня

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РЕКЛАМА · банк втб (пао)
27 ноября 2023

Текст: Татьяна Житпелева
Иллюстрации: Настя Сорокоумова

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Многие знакомы с творчеством и манифестом функционализма французского архитектора Ле Корбюзье (его пятью принципами), но лишь некоторые знают, что параллельно с ним в нашей стране над своими принципами работали мастера советского конструктивизма, которые повлияли на современные архитектурные течения по всему миру ничуть не меньше. Ведь для настоящего искусства железный занавес — не помеха, и ничто не могло помешать обмену творческими идеями между СССР и Западом. Предлагаем кратко познакомиться с основами и целями, которые провозглашали конструктивисты в архитектуре и с которыми можно подробнее ознакомиться в работах братьев Весниных и Моисея Гинзбурга.

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01

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Функция превыше всего

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Форма должна соответствовать функции, и каждой функции отвечает наиболее рациональная объемно-планировочная структура. Так, например, концентрический кольцевой конвейер Марсакова продиктовал цилиндрическую форму главного корпуса Хлебозавода № 5 имени Зотова.

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02

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УВЕЛИЧИТЬ РОЛЬ АРХИТЕКТУРЫ В ЖИЗНИ ЧЕЛОВЕКА

Соответствие формы функции позволяет направлять человека и регламентировать его действия. Один из ярких примеров «дома — машины для жилья», как писал Ле Корбюзье, это общежитие-коммуна Текстильного института на улице Орджоникидзе (арх. И.С. Николаев). Его планировка была создана для установления жесткого распорядка жизни студентов. Студент просыпался в маленькой спальной кабине, в которую помещался необходимый минимум, шел в санитарный корпус, где умывался, делал зарядку. Затем он направлялся в общественную часть, где находилась столовая, а оттуда либо в институт, либо в другие рабочие пространства корпуса (помещения для индивидуальной или коллективной работы, библиотеку и т.д.)

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03

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ВЫРАЗИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ЧЕРЕЗ ФОРМУ, ЦВЕТ И МАТЕРИАЛ

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Архитекторы-конструктивисты отрицали историческую преемственность и пытались сформировать художественный образ с помощью работы с простыми геометрическими формами, материалами и цветом. Эстетика нового направления складывалась в том числе через работу с ритмом, чередованием конструктивных элементов фасада. Этот прием хорошо виден на примере здания Хлебозавода № 5 имени Зотова. Его разновеликие объемы строго геометричны, а добавляют динамики разноразмерные вертикальные и горизонтальные членения окон. Сегодня Хлебозавод № 5 бережно восстановлен, и его можно увидеть изнутри — там при поддержке банка ВТБ работает Центр конструктивизма, получивший имя «Зотов».

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04

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СВОБОДУ ПЛАНУ ЗДАНИЯ

Вдохновляясь пятью принципами Ле Корбюзье и опираясь на передовые инженерные технологии, советские архитекторы-конструктивисты максимально использовали колонны в качестве несущих конструкций, а не стены, как это было ранее. Это позволяло задать сетку колонн, которая позволяла свободно решать пространство и соответственно размещать помещения различного назначения без ущерба для них. Во Дворце культуры ЗИЛа (арх. братья Веснины) такая каркасная конструкция здания позволила не только обеспечить комфортную взаимосвязь зрелищных и клубных помещений, но и расположить друг над другом такие отличные друг от друга помещения, как зимний сад, конференц-зал и обсерватория.

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КОНСТРУКТИВИЗМ — ЭТО МЕТОД

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Основоположники конструктивизма в архитектуре (братья Веснины, Гинзбург М.Я. и другие) изначально разрабатывали именно метод проектирования, который базировался на анализе принципов функционирования зданий, сооружений и целых градостроительных комплексов в зависимости от их назначения. Впоследствии лидеры ОСА (Объединение современных архитекторов) боролись против превращения конструктивизма из метода в стиль, то есть во внешнее подражательство, без постижения сущности.

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Такими были основные принципы конструктивизма. Узнать о нем больше можно в Центре «Зотов», открывшимся год назад в здании бывшего Хлебозавода № 5. Это филантропический проект банка ВТБ по сохранению и развитию культурного наследия конструктивизма. Совместно с музеями и важными культурными институциями страны здесь проходят выставки, а также музыкальные перформансы, детские мастер-классы и показы авангардного кино.